Sonographic Assessment of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter among Apparently Healthy Paediatrics in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria 1 4
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.60787/sjhrs.vol1no1.2Keywords:
Diameter, Eyes, Optic nerve sheath, Paediatric, UltrasonographyAbstract
Background: Ultrasound has been extensively used in the diagnosis and management of ophthalmic diseases. Reference values for normal optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) of healthy Paediatric individuals in a population is critical in the detection of raised intra-intracranial pressure (ICP) and other eye pathologies.
Aim. This study was aimed at evaluating the ONSD of healthy Paediatrics in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. Methods: The design of the study was prospective and cross-sectional, with duration spanning February 2022 to February 2023. Convenience sampling technique was used to enlist 420 paediatric subjects. A portable digital ultrasound machine (Nortek CS 3), with 7.5 MHz linear transducer was used as instrument for data collection. The measurement of the ONSD was made at 3 mm posterior to the globe of the eye. Data was analysed using SPSS version 25.0. With level of significance set atρ<0.05.
Results: The ranges of the right and left ONSD for male subjects were 1.9 mm to 4.5 mm and 2.0 mm to 4.6 mm, and for the female subjects was 1.8mm to 4.4 mm and 1.8 mm to 4.5 mm respectively. A statistical significant difference in ONSD between Paediatric age groups was observed (ρ = 0.001). Correlation of ONSD with anthropometric variables was moderate in BMI (r = 0.361–0.541) and BSA (r = 0.301 - 0.584) and graduated from moderate to strong in age, height and weight (r = 0.404–0.788).
Conclusion: Normal reference values for the Paediatrics ONSD have been established. A statistically significant difference in ONSD between paediatric age groups was observed. The ONSD had a moderate to strong positive correlation with the anthropometrics variables.
Downloads
References
1.Sidi, M., & Aminu, M. Sonographic evaluation of optic nerve sheath diameter and anterior chamber depth of the eye among apparently healthy adult in Kano, Nigeria, West African Journal of Radiology,2020; 27(2): 1-8.
2.Sawyer, S.M., Azzopardi P.S., Wickremarathne, D., Patton, G.C. The age of adolescence. Lancet Child Adolesc Health, 2018; 2, 223–28.
3.Williams, K., Thomson, D., Seto, I., & Contopoulous, D.G. Standard 6: Age groups for pediatrics trial, Pediatrics, 2012; 129(3): S153- S159.
4.Lissauer, T., Clayden, G., Craft, A. (2015). Illustrated textbook of pediatrics. 1st Edn, Edinburgh: Mosby
5.Del Saz-Saucedo, P., Redondo, G, O., Mateu, G, A., Huertas, A, R., Ruiz, R, G., Enrique, B, P. Sonographic assessment of the optic nerve sheath diameter in the diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 2016; 122-127.
6. Merceron, S., & Geeraerts, T. Occular sonography fot the detection of raised intracranial pressure. Expert Review of Opthalmology, 2008; 3(5): 497-500.
7. Shirodkar, C.G., Rao, S.M., Mutkule, D.P., Harde, Y.R., Venkategowda, P.M., Mahesh, M.U. Optic nerve sheath diameter as a marker for evaluation and prognostication of intracranial pressure in Indian patients: An observational study. Indian J Crit Care Med, 2014; 18:728‑34.
8. Ryan, S., Nicholas, M.M. (2004). Eustace, S. Anatomy for Diagnostic Imaging. 2nd ed. Philadelphia (US): Elsevier Limited
9. Ellis, H. (2002). The cranial nerves. In: Ellis H, editor. Clinical Anatomy. 11th ed. Oxford (UK) Ltd: Blackwell Publication: p. 365–366.
10. Chun, B.Y., & Cestari, D.M. Advances in experimental optic nerve regeneration. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2017; 28:558-63.
11. Chan, P.Y and Mok, K.L. Transorbital sonographic evaluation of optic nerve sheath diameter in normal Hong Kong Chinese adults. Hong Kong J Emerg Med., 2008; 20(08): 197- 204
12. Adejoh, T.; Nzotta,CC. Head computed tomography: dose output and relationship with anthropo-technical parameters. West African Journal of Radiology, 2016;23(2):113-117. DOI: 10.4103/1115-3474.179256
13. Lan, S.-Y., Tai, H.-T., Lin, J.-J., Lan, F.-Y., Tsai, H.-Y., Lin, K.-L. Measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter by ultrasound in healthy term neonates. Journal of pediatrics and neonatology, 2021; 1-7.
14. Wang, L., Feng, L., Yao, Y., Deng, F., Wang, Y., Feng, J., Xing, Y. Ultrasonographic evaluation of
optic nerve sheath diameter among healthy Chinese adult. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 2016; 42(3): 683-688.
15. Adejoh, T., And Idigo, F.U. Ultrasound measurement of waist circumference & visceral adipose tissue thickness in Nigerian women. Nigerian Journal of Medical Imaging & Radiation Therapy, 2014;3(1):14-16 https://njmirt.com/issue/2014
16. Hadijat, K. Y., & Ukamaka, I. Ultrasonograhic measurement of optic nerve sheath Diameter in normal adults. Annals of International Medical and Dental Research, 2017; 3(2): 30-34.
17. Maude, R.R., Amir, H.M., Hassan, M.U., Osbourne, S., Sayeed, K.L., Karim, M.R. Trans-orbital sonographic evaluation of normal optic nerve sheath diameter in healthy volunteers in Bangladesh. PLoS 1, 2013;8: e81013.
18. Yapicioglua, H., Aslanb, N., Sertdemir, Y., Yildizdas, D., Gulasi, S., Mert, K. Determination of normal values of optic nerve sheath diameter in newborns with bedside ultrasonography. Early Human Development, 2020; 145: 1-5.
19. Ayodeji, A.O., & Olubunmi, O.B. Normal Sonographic Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter among children of South West Nigeria. Journal
of clinical and diagnostic Research, 2019; 13: TC18-TC20.
20. Newman, W.D., Hollman, A.S., Dutton, G.N., and Carachi, R. Measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter by Ultrasound: A means of detecting acute raised intracranial pressure in hydrocephalus. Br J Opthalmol, 2020; 86(4):1109-1113.
21. Ballantyne, J., Hollman, A.S., Hamilton, R., Bradnam, M.S., & Carachi, R. Trans-orbital optic nerve sheath ultrasonography in normal children. Clinical radiology, 1999; 54, 740–742.
22. Anas, I. Trans-orbital Sonographic Measurement of Normal Optic Sheath Nerve Diameter in Nigerian population. Malays J. Med. Sci., 2014; 21(5): 24-29.
